Outsourcing And Its Advantage And Disadvantage Essays - Outsourcing

Outsourcing And Its Advantage And Disadvantage Introduction : Nowadays, many organisation are outsourcing their non- core activities to an external agents. Distribution is one of these activities as distribution consider as a non-core activity for many firms. Although, there are many advantage for outsourcing, there are also risks and disadvantage in this process. In this essay I would explain the term outsourcing and explain why organisations are preferring to outsource some of its functions in today's environment. Also, in this essay it has been tried to analysis the advantage and disadvantage of the outsourcing process and its risks towards the organisation. The word outsourcing could be described as the contractual relationship with a specialised outside service provider for work traditionally done in-house. Outsourcing could also be defined as the use of external agents to perform one or more organisational activities. In the last decade or so there has been a trend, particular among large scale companies, to hand over the whole or part of the distribution function to the external agents. One should emphasis that outsourcing is an issue that is not specific to distribution. Many other organisational functions, such as information system, building maintenance, etc?, have been outsource for many years in organisations. There are different reasons for organisations outsourcing their distribution function. More and more organisations today face a dynamic and changing environment. This, in turn, is requiring these organisations to adapt. Competition is also changing. The global economy means that competitors are likely to come from across the ocean as from across town. Successful organisations will be the ones that can change in response to the competition and changing environment. In other words, they will be flexible. Therefore, today's organisation stand in sharp contrast to the typical bureaucratic organisations that have many vertical levels of management and where control is sought through ownership. In such organisations, Research and Development are done in-house, production occurs in company-owned plants, and sales and distribution are performed by the company's own employees. To support all this, management has to employ extra personal including accountants, human

Nurses Role in Care of Obese Children Essay

Nurses Role in Care of Obese Children Essay Nurses Role in Taking Care of Obese Children Essay Nurses Role in Taking Care of Obese Children Essay Childhood Obesity and the Professional Nurses Role In recent years, many scientists and doctors around the world became concerned about the problem of childhood obesity because it is a growing threat to the health of the younger generation. Notably, there is a variety of factors of childhood obesity which point to the roots of the problem. Thus, a nurse’s role in taking care of obese children is pivotal since obesity needs long-term treatment. The Problem of Childhood Obesity in the USA The problem of childhood obesity has recently become a major concern of pediatricians in all parts of the developed world. Modern children exercise less though they eat a lot of high-calorie foods. This leads to fat deposition and, as a result, body weight increases due to adipose tissue. Adipose tissue can be concentrated in places of physiological deposits, breasts, thighs, etc. It can be a catalyst for different health problems and a variety of psychological issues. Childhood obesity may cause diabetes, hypertension, depression, complexes, insecurity and other disorders associated with being overweight. Statistics on obesity are different in many countries. However, data on childhood obesity in the United States accurately reflect the actual situation. According to official statistics, 68% of the US population suffer from excess weight. Over the past 15 years, the number of obese children has increased threefold. Thus, many pediatricians suggest the existence of serious health problem. In America, every second child is obese. 17% of children older than two years are obese. It should be noted that every fourth child is diagnosed with metabolic syndrome while every fifth young person has arterial hypertension. In addition, 17% of children suffer from the diseases of the thyroid gland whereas 6% have chronic gastroduodenitis (World Health Organization, 2012). 40% of overweight children are diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, statistics confirm that obesity in children is a health problem which needs immediate treatment. Physical, Social, and Psychological Factors that Cause Childhood Obesity Nowadays, the number of obese children is much higher than it was 10 years ago. Doctors associate the reason for this change with numerous physical, social, and psychological factors. Physical factors include early transition from breastfeeding to the usage of breast-milk substitutes, hereditary predisposition, endocrine diseases where fat formation prevails over its consumption, hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid function), hypogonadism, and various lesions of the hypothalamus that controls endocrine glands. Trauma obtained during childbearing, prolonged maternity, infection, and other issues are the main reasons for damaging the hypothalamus. However, physiological factors do not have enormous impact on childhood obesity compared to psychological ones. At the same time, various psychological factors contribute to the development of physiological causes of obesity. For example, a child may be forced to eat more and move less. Psychological factors are internal. They include depressive perception of reality which results in the uncontrolled consumption of food that makes the world brighter, getting considerable pleasure from taking food, which turns into lust, and psychological dependence. The most crucial psychological factor is the formation of irregular eating habits. It includes feeding in a reluctant manner and others (European Union, 2014). Social factors are mostly external. They include peers rejection because of the problems with appearance, the cult of food in the family, etc. The cult of food as well as frequent and uncontrolled feeding of children makes them obese. The major social factor is the presentation of food as a reward or encouragement. For example, the mothers words: If you behave well, I will give you a candy subsequently lead to emotional eating. Physical, Social, and Psychological Consequences of Obesity in Children Children and teenagers suffer serious consequences caused by obesity. Physical issues include tendency to high blood pressure and gallbladder disease, especially the formation of gallstones, distinct defects in the motor system, flat feet, X-looked legs, hunched back, hyperlordosis, weak abdominal muscles and others. In addition, obese children often get short term rash, eczema, different injuries and burns (due to the fact that they are less mobile), inflammation of the airways, and constipation. What is more, boys may have delayed sexual development while girls experience menstrual irregularities. Nevertheless, with normalization of body weight, most of these problems can be avoided. Psychological consequences are all long term and include less autonomy and assertiveness, greater reliance on family, emotional immaturity as well as lack of strong will to adhere to the weight loss regime. It should be noted that parents usually provide background for these consequences. As a matter of fact, an obese child is the only child in the family or he/she is from a single-parent family, where he/she becomes the subject of increased concerns. Such children are less hardened, and they pay much attention to their malaise. Social consequences include peer rejection in the school and long term inability to build social relationships. Obesity before puberty does not harm children’s social interaction. At puberty, obese children begin to experience various difficulties in social life. In case of depression or adverse situation, 75% of obese children seek solace in food while only 9% of children with normal weight do it (European Union, 2014). Obese teenagers feel their difference from other children. As a result, it is difficult for them to tolerate. They suffer from an inferiority complex, avoid companies, dancing and sports. Thus, physical effects can be both short and long term whereas social and psychological ones are mainly long term. Therefore, the urgency of providing professional help to obese children is obvious. Teaching Plan for a Professional Nurse For the selection of the optimal therapy and treatment of obesity, a nurse needs to consider all the factors and causes of its development. In case obesity is chronic, treatment should not be short term; it should be permanent. One of the features of proper treatment of obesity is a systematic decrease in the initial body weight by 5-10%. Gradual weight loss can not only reduce obesity but also combat the number of diseases that adversely affect the health of a child. At the same time, the professional nurses role in the process of treatment of obese child is difficult to overestimate. It is highlighted in the teaching plan for a nurse. The plan includes the following positions: 1. General care issues and the theory of obesity: The significance of nursing for the obese children. Organization of nosotrophy. Deontological aspects of childhood obesity treatment (professional duties of a nurse, scope of his/her activities, morality of nurse’s actions). Physiological, psychological, and social aspects of obesity. Etiology (alimentary, endocrine, and cerebral reasons behind obesity). Predisposing factors of obesity (sedentary lifestyle, increased activity of the enzymes of lipogenesis, decreased enzyme activity of lipolysis, increased intake of digestible carbohydrates, endocrine disease, susceptibility to stress, lack of sleep, usage of psychotropic drugs, etc.). The pathogenesis of obesity does not depend on its cause. Excessive consumption of food high in carbohydrates causes hyperinsulinism. Hypoglycemia makes a child feel hungry. Insulin is the principal lipogenetic hormone, which has anabolic effects and influences the synthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissue. The clinical picture of an obese child (diagnosis of diseases associated with obesity). The classification of obesity, anamnesis (a) exogenous constitutional obesity (primary, alimentary and constitutive): gynoid (gluteal-femoral, bottom type), and android (abdominal, visceral, upper class). (b) Secondary obesity (with a genetic defect (including some genetic syndromes with multiple organ lesions)); cerebral (hypophyseal syndrome, systemic dissemination of lesions, infectious diseases, endocrine disorders (hypothalamic disease, pituitary, adrenal disease), and iatrogenic diseases (caused by taking certain drugs). 2. Medical institution and organization of its work: The main types of health care institutions. The organization of in-patient facility and reception. Sanitization and transportation of obese children. Organization of therapeutic department. Sanitary schedule and its value. 3. Taking care of personal hygiene of obese children: The positioning of a patient, tilting bed equipment. Preparation of the sickbed. Change of bed sheets and underwear. Tackling urine incontinence. External hygiene, skin/hair care, etc. 4. Nutrition of obese children. Dietetics: Basic principles of clinical nutrition of obese child. Organization of the nutrition, psychological impact of dietetics. Creation of a negative energy balance. Females should reduce calorie intake by 500-1200 kcal per day while males should lower it by 1500 kcal per day. This lack of energy will provide weight loss of 0.5-1 kg per week. The amount of protein can be increased, comparing with physiological norms, to 1.5 g/kg of ideal body weight, which is important for maintaining the activity of the enzyme in lipolysis and prevention of fatty liver. A nurse should control a diet: a patient has to consume proteins of animal origin and eat enough vegetables. Artificial nutrition. 5. Observation of the obese febrile patients: Measurement of body temperature, the usage of thermometers. Fever, its types. Features of care of febrile obese children. Methods of influence on blood circulation: compresses, physiotherapy, hydrotherapy, etc. 6. Treatment of obesity: 6.1. Non-drug methods (diet therapy, increasing physical activity short-term activity ensures consumption of liver glycogen and long-term activity guarantees the involvement of fat stores). 6.2. Drug methods. Prescription, storage and administration of medicine to obese children. Methods of drug administration and injections. Complications after injections and their prevention. Other features of observation of children suffering from obesity. 6.3. Surgical methods (gastric bypass, gastric banding, local liposuction, etc. The latter method is promoted by beauticians and regarded as a one-stage decision. However, the weight lost as a result of liposuction is restored in case of absence of lifestyle change. Therefore, such a procedure does not have a strategic value.). 7. Sequels, preventive measures. Metabolic syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, diabetes of 2 type, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, chronic venous insufficiency, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, hernias, cancers and osteoarthritis can be caused by obesity. Primary and secondary preventive measures should be taken. At the same time, the role of nurses in the implementation of preventive measures is vital. The first step is the following: parents need to understand the importance of proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle. A nurse needs to educate the child about adequate dietary habits and organize his/her regime in an appropriate manner (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). The second step of nurse is to help a child develop an interest in physical culture and sports. The nurse can motivate parents to set an example of a healthy lifestyle. Childhood obesity is a serious problem in the American society. The significance of professional nurse’s role in the process of treatment of obese children is also confirmed with statistics. The analysis of genetics, formation of abnormal eating habits along with the promotion of food emphasizes the necessity of providing obese children with professional help to avoid different problems in the future.

Graffiti - the Writing on the Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Graffiti - the Writing on the Wall - Essay Example There is evidence of forms of graffiti inside the Lascaux caves, which was carved into the wall using bones and stones. These days graffiti is created using markers, enamel paint, rollered throw-ups and stencils, though the traditional use of spray cans is considered by many graffiti artists as the most authentic. These methods catch the eye and communicate a message effectively in an expressive form. Graffiti can be emotional, ironic, humorous or even destructive and gives the artist a chance to express himself through his artwork. Many graffiti artists create tags or tagging, as they like to call it, which is there way of self-promotion. It involves writing your own name in your own graffiti style. Many people, in particular the older generation see graffiti as vandalism and even a protest against society, but is being individual and trying to seek recognition such a bad thing The desire to be noticed for having a particular talent should surely be praised rather than slandered. I am sure it is difficult to know where to draw the line on such a matter, but in all honesty graffiti is one of the best forms of publicity and communication within the design world. It can be created almost anywhere and many graffiti artists choose spots where people have to view their artwork, regardless of how dangerous or risky it is to 'get up' a piece there. For instance subways, trains, and buses are a high priority as every body uses public transport. Many Graffiti artists use strong form and ideas, and often combine irony and humor to create thought-provoking messages. Tristan Manco who has written a number of graffiti books including 'Stencil Graffiti,' says: "Street art is both an expression of our culture and a counterculture in itself. 'Communication' has become a modern mantra: the city streets shout with billboards, fly posters and corporate advertising, all vying for our attention. They almost invite a subversive response. As high-tech communications have increased, a low-tech reaction has been the recent explosion in street art." 1 Stencil Graffiti is becoming increasing more popular and has a powerful platform to create personal visions that interact with our daily lives. Stencil artists use fly posters/ stickers/collage/freehand and spray cans to create their artwork. A stencil can easily be formed on any surface within reason. It was introduced from the 1980s in Europe but was first experimented in the New York subways and again can be traced back to the beginning of time, from cave paintings. Leather stencils were used to decorate the insides of Egyptian pyramids and the Chinese used paper stencils to decorate silk and Buddha figures. It was these beautiful techniques that influenced stencil artwork in Europe during the medieval period. Church walls, floors and furniture were covered with fantastical stenciled materials. It is amazing what has been developed from what is thought to be one of the earliest art forms. As early as the 1950s and 1960s, American artists such as Robert Rauschenburg and Andy Warhol had developed new screen-printing techniques and visual ideas, which had a big impact on the art and design world. Their hybrid techniques labeled them forerunners of today's stencil graffiti artists. Warhol was a pop art

Should tablet computer replace the traditional Textbook Essay

Should tablet computer replace the traditional Textbook - Essay Example It is time globalization provided something positive to one of the internationally universal sector, academic (Reiss, 2013). Computer tablets are built to increase the efficiency of individual users. With respect to the amount of positive work they can accomplish, it is clear that their prices and usefulness provide a reasonable cost benefit tradeoff. On the other hand, the cumulative cost of all the textbooks needed for completing a course is high which makes the use of e-books cheaper. Although piracy is a crime in the US, the use of computer tablets enables different members of the academic sector to share the academic resources they have. For online courses, tuition fees paid to institutions allows students to have access to online library. With computer tablet, it is economical to access the virtual libraries rather than buying from online vendors (Rock, 2014). Being a student means being able to take notes, solve math problems, erase some errors from written text, draw in art class, and perform complex statistical analysis as coursework. All these activities require the student to have pens, pencils, calculators, and computers. Using a computer tablet combines all these factors together ensuring that the student spends less. Another reason as to why traditional textbooks should be replaced with computer tablets is because the production of textbooks involves the destruction of vegetation cover which suppresses the economy even further. Carrying heavy back packs has been associated with back issues such as injuries and lifelong complications. Carrying textbooks to and from school is an activity that largely contributes to back issues. However, the use of computer tablets resolves the issues associated with carrying heavy textbooks. Due to the small size and standard weight of 1 to 2 pounds makes tablet computers suitable for cutting back on back health issues (Tablets-Textbooks, 2014). In

Menu project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Menu project - Assignment Example chopped fresh red chili without seeds 2 cloves Bunch fresh basil with leaves picked and stalks chopped 1 teaspoon of freshly ground black pepper 1 tablespoon of coriander seeds Sea salt 1 pound of chopped, seeded and cored tomatoes ? cup of soft brown sugar ? cup red wine vinegar Directions Place the vegetables, ginger, olive oil, chili, basil stalks, garlic, cloves and coriander seeds in a saucepan. Season these mixtures with a pinch of salt and the pepper. While often stirring, cook in moderate heat for between 10 and 15 minutes until softening. Add tomatoes and then 1? cups of cold water. Then bring this to boiling and gently simmer until it reduces by about a half. Add basil leaves and whiz using a hand blender and push through sieve twice. Put the sauce in a clean pan and then add the sugar and vinegar. Heat the pan and simmer until it thickens then correct seasoning to taste (see Appendix I). Introduce the ketchup to jars and allow for cooling before tightening the lids (see Ap pendix II). Keep stored in a refrigerator. This should be kept for up to six months. Ingredient Comparison In both the homemade and the Heinz tomato ketchups, natural sources have been used for flavoring. Though Heinz (2013) does not disclose in its ingredients the exact sources of these flavorings, it appreciates that natural flavors were used. On the other hand, the homemade ketchup has the concentrations of the seasonings varied to get the appropriate flavor. Additionally, the powder from coriander seeds has been used for flavoring purposes. While the brown sugar sweetens the homemade ketchup, Heinz does not disclose its sweetener which could be included in one of its ingredients. Nonetheless, it should be appreciated that the tomatoes used contributes to a large extent to the flavor of the ketchup hence the ability to determine the flavor of homemade ketchup by varying the kind of tomatoes used. The major ingredient in both the processed and homemade tomato ketchup is the tomato . This forms the basis of having this food product. However, a difference in the form in which the tomatoes are used would be noticed. The homemade tomato ketchup uses tomatoes in raw form, as would be picked from the farm (Oliver, 2008). These would be sliced and taken through the recipe directions for making the ketchup. But in the processed Heinz tomato ketchup, tomato concentrate made from red ripe tomatoes would be used. This concentrate resembles the product of boiling and gently stirring the initial ingredients as described in the recipe direction for the homemade ketchup. It would also be critical to point out the fact that Heinz particularly uses red ripe tomatoes hence the deep red color of its final product (see Appendix III). But as seen in the recipe, homemade tomato ketchup gives the option of using these red tomatoes or raw tomatoes or the orange ones depending on the desired end product. Furthermore, it would be appreciated that Heinz uses various syrup forms  œ corn syrup and high fructose corn syrup – to achieve the desired viscosity for the final product. These are commercially available syrups. On the other hand, the homemade ketchup makes use of olive oil to achieve the same effect. Finally, while the homemade tomato ketchup has its ingredients well outlined, Heinz generalizes its ingredients. Apart from the natural flavors, it also gives spices as its ingredients (Heinz, 2013). These general terminologies conceal the exact

Education System of Pakistan Analysis

Education System of Pakistan Analysis All through human history, the source of success had been the control of natural resources land, gold and oil. Suddenly, the emphasis has shifted to knowledge and education in the modern contemporary world. The worlds wealthiest man, Bill Gates, owns nothing tangible no land, no gold or oil, no factories, no armies. For the first time in human history the worlds wealthiest man owns only knowledge, which has become the new basis for wealth. Progress and prosperity of a country, both spiritual and material, thus largely depend, more than ever before on the kind of education it provides to its people. Indeed, education is one of the most powerful instruments of change in achieving national goals by producing young minds imbued with the knowledge, attitude, skills and competencies to shape the future destiny of a nation. Contrary to the challenge of this emerging education revolution, out of Pakistans total population of 140 million, around 80 million are illiterate.  [1]  The national literacy rate is 45 percent with male literacy at 57 percent and female at 33, a gross enrolment at primary level of 87 percent (of whom 50 percent drop out before grade 5), 17.5 percent gross enrolment at secondary level and 4.5 percent at tertiary level?  [2]   Despite 53 years of our independence we have not been able to tailor the education system in conformity with our religious, ideological, socio- economic needs and the imperatives of the modern world. The failure could be attributed to any number of causes but the fact remains that quantitatively, our literacy rate is poorest even among developing countries of the world, qualitatively our certificates and degrees carry little weight in the international institutes and there still exists an imbalance in our requirements to tailor an ideal education system. We have stepped into the 21st century, which surely requires a definite reappraisal of our education system. We ought to learn from our very slow progress rate in the past and must take steps to meet the challenges of the future lest we are left behind. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATION IN THE SUB-CONTINENT Teaching the offsprings has always been the natural instinct of all animals. It differed from society to society and man to man. The Sub-continent remained in darkness so far as community education was concerned till the establishment of Vedic schools but than it saw turbulence in this field which very few regions have seen. This part will briefly cover the different stages of the turbulence in the sub-continent. Before British Rule Vedic Schools of Brahmins. The earliest schools in the country now known as Pakistan were the Vedic schools for the training of Brahim priests. Sometimes before 500 B.C these schools began to enrol nonpriestly class pupils and to develop as true community schools in every village. They were generally composed of 12 to 20 students, and their sole teacher was the village priest who was regarded as a public official supported through rent-free land or a share in the harvest. The classes were normally held in the open under shady trees. Buddhist Monks. A parallel educational system was sponsored by the Buddhists to prepare their adherents for a life of meditation as a monk. The Buddhist schools, although located in monasteries, were open to all. Youth intending to pursue a monastic life were trained until the age of 20, while those who wanted a secular career left at the age of 12. Muslim Madrassahs. The Muslim invaders introduced the third educational system, and it flourished particularly in the northern areas of the subcontinent. Schools were generally attached to the Mosques, and the curriculum consisted of the Quran and little else. While the Muslim rulers supported only Islamic schools, Hindus and Buddhists retained their traditional education. Muslim male children (females were excluded from all forms of public education) began their study in maktab, where they received instructions from the imam (worship leader of a mosque) in the rudiments of the Arabic language. The older students continued their studies in the madrasahs, where they were taught Arabic and Persian, rhetoric, grammar, logic, geometry, algebra, astronomy, natural philosophy, medicine, theology and poetry. Children of the wealthy, especially the girls, were often tutored privately in their homes. The madrassahs declined in number and standards with the decline of the Mughal Empire and ris e of British power in the 18th and 19th centuries  [3]   During the British Rule The British System. The system of education followed in colonial India was introduced by the British primarily for turning out clerks and subordinates necessary for carrying on the administrative affairs of the country in English under the British masters in the colonial set-up. The system of education designed by Lord Macaulay in his own words was aimed at forming a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, opinions, morals and intellect.  [4]  By the end of the 19th century, Muslims were encouraged to opt for the British system of education, which opened the door to economic and social advancement. However the consensus of the opinion was that since the existing system was designed by the alien rulers to serve their own imperialistic ends it can hardly be expected to deliver the goods.  [5]   Muslim Institutes. In reaction to the British system, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan introduced a new English education system which, in character was Indian- Muslim. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded Anglo-Muhammadan College, now known as Aligarh Muslim University in 1875, and he always believed that Western education was compatible with Islam. Simultaneously, the orthodox Muslims introduced institutions like Deoband, Nadwat-ul-ulema Lucknow etc, thus giving rise to a sharp distinction between the traditionalists and the modernists, a distinction that continues to this day. At / After Partition The inherited System. The present system of education in Pakistan is the heritage of the Pre Partitioned British India. However, since independence many policies, plans and reports have been formulated for improving the literacy rate in the country. The important documents in this regard are listed as annex A. Education Policy 1998 to 2010. The policy incorporates a large number of new steps to resuscitate the education system. According to this policy 45,000 new primary schools and 20,000 mosque schools are to be set up before 2003. 75,000 more basic education institutions were to be established under Prime Minister Literacy Commission. 45,000 primary schools are to be upgraded to middle level and 30,000 to secondary level. The policy laid special emphasis on vocational and technical education. Private sector has also been encouraged to set up schools, colleges and universities. This is an ambitious policy aimed at achieving 70% literacy by year 2010. Its other main features are attached as annex B  [6]  : All the policies and plans as mentioned above envisaged various objectives at different levels however the spirit of the objectives, remained the same as it continues to stress: The ideological basis of education. National Unity. Development. Growth of the Society. Economic Progress. Equalisation of educational opportunity. Social equality. Quality of education. j. Education to be oriented to the world of work. Quality of education to be maintained at all levels with global standard. Propagation of scientific, technological and research aptitude. To promote functional literacy among out of school children. To bring about cultural harmony and social cohesion through education. To bring about the countrys spiritual and culture in harmony with the contemporary world. The overall sketch of the objectives of all-educational policies and plans clearly indicates the story of Education in Pakistan as the story of high promises, rhetorical emphasis on progress but sadly, little real achievement  [7]  . ANALYSIS OF OUR PRESENT EDUCATION SYSTEM Though the education system has attracted a considerable attention, it is difficult to ascertain any deterioration in its quality as well as quantity. There has been manifold increase in the number of educational institutions. The government is spending much more than it was in the past but the results are still not satisfactory. The parents blame the teachers, teachers the students and students, in turn, shift the entire responsibility to the system and society. To ascertain the erosion of education standards, it is important to analyse the education system as follows: Basic Ingredients. Major Weaknesses. Effects of Existing Education System. Basic Ingredients The educational pyramid consists of three distinct stages Elementary, Secondary/Higher Secondary and Higher Education.  [8]   a. Elementary Education. Designed from 5 to 12 years of age to impart universal literacy and explore hidden talent among the students from class I to 8. Elementary education employs regional languages as medium of instruction. Rural areas confront low enrolment, weak turnout, weak infrastructure and inadequate facilities, whereas urban institutions are overcrowded and located in unhealthy environment. This crucial stage of a childs learning is overloaded with stereotypical academic curriculum basically aiming at providing primary inputs for higher education. The syllabus provides no opportunity for arts, crafts and pre-vocational exposures. Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Secondary and Higher Secondary stage is an integral part of the growth package for an individual towards his intellectual, research and professional excellence, coincides with adolescence stage (a delicate and sensitive phase of human development) which requires calculated guidance with logical reasoning. The existing curriculum at this stage is again information oriented, predominantly bookish and theoretical in nature, which does not develop a child as to the demands of either the society or work place. The students thus lack exposure to practical and creative work. Soon after their secondary schooling, many of them begin to search for a clerical type of job. At present, 60-80% of students in secondary classes are enrolled in arts subjects, which leads through an aimless general education that has very little acceptance in our agro-based controlled economy. Thus, a pattern of supply rather than demand-orientation in terms of instructions at secondary and higher secondary levels is further accentuating the dropouts either before or during this critical learning period. Higher Education. This commences at the age where the element of coercion fades away and students are motivated enough to pursue serious studies and possess abilities for academic/intellectual growth. There are basically stages of scholarly activities at higher education. These are B.A, M.A and the M.Phil. /Ph.D. The first one introduces the field of specialisation, the second the mastery of same field and the third carries students into new advanced fields through independent study and original research work. Under the present educational environment, higher education is producing academics instead of practitioners as there is virtually no concept or avenue for the use of higher learning of certain subjects in our society. Since thinking process and creation of knowledge remains quite restricted without proper experience and experiments and therefore, higher education without practice cannot be truly useful. Some relevant educational statistics/targets as envisaged in the educational policy of 1998-2010 are attached as annexes C, D, E and F MAJOR WEAKNESSES Lack of Quality Education. The most important problem being faced by our educational system is that of quality education. The major factor being over-crowding in the classes i.e. 80 students or more are handled together in a small room. The teaching staff is also unable to pay individual attention to their students; this naturally leads to indiscipline and deterioration of standards in the class.  [9]   Untrained Teachers. Unfortunately non-availability of qualified and properly trained teachers also retarded the expansion of literacy rate by adversary affecting the establishment of new educational institution as well as the quality of education in existing institutions. In a nation wide study in Pakistan in 1995, teachers with less than Matric level education could not answer 30% of questions based on grade four textbooks.  [10]   Large Number of Dropouts. Socio-economic factor is a major reason for a large number of dropouts of students even before completing their primary/middle standards. Economic pressures force a student to assist the family to increase family income at the expanse of his education. Other contributing factors in this regard are :  [11]   A dislike for school subjects. Unsatisfactory student-teacher relationship. A history of school failures. Non participation in school activities. Female Education. Literacy rate of female in Pakistan is half of that of males. Primary reasons for this are: Male dominance, cultural biases, and ages old tribal traditions. Girls are often required to help with household work of the family. Lack of conveniently located schools and separate schools for girls. Non availability of female teachers. In Pakistan female teachers at primary level are 25% of total teachers. Inflexible hours of schooling and irrelevant curricula. Non Involvement of Community. Nationalisation of schools in the 1970s, without adequate community participation in the running of schools, had led to a major deterioration in the quality of education. Non Participation of Private Sector. Insufficient government facilities do not cater for requirements of the country. In rural areas, where literacy rate is at the lowest, no worth while participation of the private sector exists. Illdiversification of Courses. It is imperative that a wide choice of subjects be made available to the students at the beginning of 9th class to suit their individual needs, aptitude and temperaments. It is unfortunate that most of our education is of a general and academic nature. Therefore there is an intellectual drought. The general academic nature, no doubt, helps in broadening the vision and creating a general consciousness of the happenings around us, but it is seldom of any use in carrying out the practical affairs of life successfully in the complex society of today. Allocation of Funds. UNESCO has recommended that 4% of the G.N.P, is a reasonable amount to be spent by the developing countries on education, whereas Pakistan presently is spending about 2.2% of G.N.P on education. Infact Pakistan is the only country in South Asia, where expenditure on education, as a percentage of G.N.P, has fallen since 1990.  [12]   Evaluation System. Prevalent examination system is marred by a number of evils. Tests are based on end of cycle certification rather than periodic tests. Dangerous trend of cheating and manipulation has also crept in the system. Language. Our education system suffers from a precarious struggle between education in English and Urdu. Presently, there are two standards of education each basing on one language. Other Factors Out of meagre amount spent on education, a huge portion is wasted through corrupt and inefficient system. According to a survey by Army Rs 1.5 billion per year were embezzled in head of teachers salaries.  [13]   52% of teachers in Pakistan use physical punishment. Curriculum of primary education is not in line with our objectives and national aspirations. Textbooks are sub standard and generally are not in conformity with the specifications/standards set by the curriculum bureau.  [14]   Political unrest and unhealthy political activities amongst students adversely affect education. Its however limited to beyond primary and secondary levels. School timings for the year do not take into account agriculture cycles, which limits attendance in rural areas.  [15]   Narrow research base in the universities. h. Non-employability of educated youth. j. Ineffective role of media. k. Education not being used at all for social change. l. Learning less in substance and more in volume. Effects of Existing Education System Lack of National Aspirations. The development of education is confronted with just about all problems that can be found anywhere in the world. A long detailed description of objectives and aspirations of all educational policies since 1947-98 magnifies the confusion as it has always been set in the absence of definite National Goals. Waste of Effort. The present education system does not prepare a student for the challenges of the life rather it only prepares him for examination. At the same time huge amount is spent on sending individuals abroad for higher studies and research but the country does not have requisite means and infrastructure to benefit from their higher standards on their return, thus the higher qualification become a mere status symbol with no advantage to the country and no satisfaction to the individuals academic aspirations. Loss of Inherited Trade. Most of our students come from the working class. The present system of education detaches them from their ancestral trade/business and imparts them a general education though at times it may be very sophisticated education. These youth are ultimately a loss to their trades, to their parents, to the society and to themselves as well. The present system of education is systematically producing a large number of unemployed, frustrated and dejected youth.  [16]   Unemployment. Education policies in the past made an effort to give an industrial bias to education. Hence a number of polytechnics and commercial colleges were opened throughout the country. The result is that now we have a daring situation of unemployment among technically qualified. Moreover trade and industry field in the country is still not sufficiently developed to absorb these trained people. Bad Governess. Giving higher education to those not possessing the intelligence and aptitude is a national waste. The present system of education in Pakistan is producing so many unemployable graduates of such indifferent quality that they are often not even good clerks and assistants. It is not the number of persons graduating that asses the efficacy of an education system but the quality of such graduates. When the incapable graduates grow in abundance and the society has no system other than the degree to determine merit, the incompetent are bound to infiltrate all walks of life and reasonable positions and threaten the very survival of the socio-economic institutions. The proliferation of facilities for higher education without appropriate merit criteria is, therefore, counterproductive. Waste of Female Strength. Women who constitute 52 % of the countrys population have literacy rate of only 26%. The dropout ratio for women during and after primary schooling is about 80%. The main reason behind it is that girls are not considered as an economic asset to the family hence their education remains a neglected aspect in our society. Production of Disgruntled Youth. According to education policy 1972-80, the existing system of education is one of the root cause of the general dropout in our education system. At present there are internal examination from class first to seventh, under which students are failed or passed on the basis of annual test. There is no test of observing or recording the performance of the student throughout the year. As a result the passing or failing of a students in the annual examination becomes a matter of the pupils memory. The high percentage of failures not only leads to heavy dropouts but also brings to life feeling of frustration and inferiority in the student. This is not only a national wastage but adds to our society a large number of handicapped people,  [17]  which ultimately produces disgruntled youth. Controversial Medium of Instruction. Notwithstanding the recognition of Urdu as a national language in the constitution, education policy on the medium of instruction is always based on compromises. The phenomenon of different languages being used in various regions as medium of instruction and even within a region has created a confused state. In these circumstances development of textbooks in indigenous languages has not been carried out in a systematic and co-ordinated manner. This apart, a student remains exposed to learning three/four languages. From this ensues limited linguistic ability which restricts the students horizon and forces them to rely on memorising and learning by rote.  [18]  The students mug up few topics that they expect in examination; if the question paper include those topics, the examinees are happy and if the expected questions are not asked, they protest violently and leave the examination hall. Lack of Pride in the Teaching Profession. Qualified and motivated youth in the teaching profession is essential to ensure a quality education. The best graduates join either engineering or medicine while the rest look for other outlets before joining as a teacher. Low pay grades, poor social status, meagre benefits and a missing career-ladder in teaching profession does not attract the best students. Presently, teaching is a difficult job with low salary, no status and ever-growing public criticism. These are making it difficult for the teacher to work with pride and dedication. Improvement Towards Betterment STRENGTH Having completed the analysis, it is felt that there are basically five major fields in the education system, which needs close attention to put the things at their right place. The recommendations are being made in these fields one by one which are:- Economic Reforms. Structural Organisations. Qualitative Improvements. Socio-Political, Ethical and Cultural Development. National Emergency Economic Reforms User Charges. There is a strong justification to gradually raise fee structure for secondary and higher level education. However, on social consideration the raise should be steeper for higher level than secondary level. Those poor outstanding students, who qualify for higher studies, should be provided a fixed stipend. Induction of Local Bodies and Private Sector in Education. Education is basically the responsibility of provincial government, but at the same time it is also a national concern and in certain major areas, decision ought to be taken at national level. There is a need to regard education as a federal-provincial partnership. Education planning has to be decentralised to the district level and still down to union council level. Moreover, there is a need to incorporate private sector particularly the NGOs and support them in a massive way through financial support to enable them to undertake literacy programmes on a much larger scale. Increased Budgetary Allocations. The government must allocate minimum 4% of G.N.P, to education as recommended by UNESCO. Additional resources be diverted from the budget to education by effecting some economy in defence /Non developmental expenditure. Structural Organisation Primary and Adult Education. Primary and adult education should form the bulwark of our education structure and should receive highest allocation. Emphasis should be laid on properly equipping the existing schools before establishing new formal schools or informal and community schools. However, the existing and new schools should take into account the socio-economic environment of areas in the matter of educational cycle and timings of schools. If this is not taken into account, high dropout rates and phenomena of ghost schools will continue. Secondary Education. Secondary schools are of two types, general and vocational/polytechnic. These schools should be unified and converted into complete stage of education with curricula of compulsory subjects and a few elective subjects for preparing the students for a definite vocational career. Tertiary Education. The colleges and the universities, both general and professional, have outgrown in number. The need is to consolidate and improve these seats of higher learning than expanding them. This improvement and consolidation should be brought about by: a. Admitting the students purely on merit after subjecting them to aptitude tests so as to determine whether they really qualify for specialised studies. b. Making the colleges and universities autonomous and research oriented. c. Throwing out politics and professional students from the campuses. d. Bestowing on Professors and Teachers the same social status as is enjoyed by them in advanced countries. Medium of Instructions. The issue of medium of instruction has continued to be skirted due to its sensitivity. The issue should be tackled rationally and boldly as under: At primary level the national language as unanimously agreed to by the representatives of the people and enshrined in the Constitution, should be introduced as the medium of instruction. At the secondary level also, the national language should be made the medium of instruction. English should be taught as compulsory subject and its curricula should be completely revised to encourage communicative and cognitive skills in this language. c. At tertiary level, English should be the medium of instructions. The possibility of introduction of national language can be reviewed later. Qualitative Improvements Teachers Education. The output of qualified teachers has lagged behind the expansion in the schools. Therefore, the number of teachers training institution should be increased and unqualified teachers should be compulsorily trained in these institutions. Those who do not qualify should not be retained. At the same time, the terms of service of teachers should be improved to make profession of education attractive. Teachers Supervision and Performance Assessment. With the expansion in the educational network, supervision and assessment of teachers has received a serious setback. This lack of supervision and support has resulted in large-scale absenteeism and low morale among teachers. Hence, in order to improve supervision and carry out on-the-spot support to teachers (model teaching, in service training etc) existing training and inspection system should be strengthened. Incentives. Suitable annual awards should be instituted for the meritorious work in the field of literacy at national, provincial and local level. It has been observed that government schoolteachers take up alternative employment while their attendance is recorded regularly by junior teachers attending the classes. In the rural areas the situation is much worse. Number of Students in a Class. To prevent overcrowding, the number of students in a class should be restricted to thirty-five or less. Physical Facilities including Instructional Material. The educational institutions are deficient in four areas, namely buildings and furniture, laboratories and equipment, textbooks and sports. These facilities are to be made available without any delay. Curriculum. Curricula in educational institutions are not only overcrowded but also out of pace with advancement of knowledge. Therefore, a major effort should be made to revise curricula at primary, secondary, college and university levels in order to make it meaningful and responsive to the needs of the society. Moreover it should be same for both the government and private schools throughout the country. Textbooks. Our textbooks are of poor quality lacking content, method of presentation, printing and set-up. At the same time, they are cost productive. These textbooks have also a strong flavour of foreignness which, to a large extent, owes to syllabus as also to scarcity of writers who can compose textbooks without relying heavily on plagiarism. Therefore, a massive reform of textbooks should be undertaken. Examination System. The examinations test the students for rote memory and largely exclude conceptual and cognitive tests. The system should be reformed with emphasis on internal assessment and its linkage with curriculum development process. There is also a need for the standardisation of the examination system. All examination papers should be prepared by one central authority, through one curriculum both for private and government schools. Effort should also be made to make evaluation system foolproof. There is also a need to take suitable measures to eliminate test papers and notes other than prescribed curr

Free Essays - The Title of The Catcher In The Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

The Title of The Catcher In The Rye The title of the novel The Catcher In The Rye, by JD Salinger, has a substantial connection to the story. This title greatly explains the main character, Holden Caulfield, and his feelings towards life and human nature. In society he has found enormous corruption, vulgarity, harm and havoc. He knows that the children of the world are ruined by the corruption of adults around them and, he states later in the novel, his new purpose in life will be to help save the children from this vulgarity. Holden wants to be a "Catcher in the Rye." We first hear the title of the novel being used in chapter 16, and in chapter 22 we have the full explanation of this title. Human dignity is vital to Holden's existence and the only way to guarantee this on a long term basis is to assist children in maintaining their innocence from the dangers of adulthood. In chapter 16 we have the first reference to the meaning of the novel's title, The Catcher in the Rye. Holden hears a little boy singing to himself a verse which makes Holden very happy: "If a body catch a body coming through the rye," (Page 115). It is difficult to understand why Holden is made happy by the little boy's singing unless one has an idea of what the song means to Holden. The little boy is described by Holden in gentle caring terms: "The kid was swell. He was walking in the street, instead of on the sidewalk, but right next to the curb. He was making out like he was walking a very straight line, the way kids do, and the whole time he kept singing and humming." (Page 115). Holden notes that the child's parents pay no attention to him. To Holden this child represents innocence and youth unspoiled by adult immorality. Holden wishes to serve humanity by safeguarding the innocence and purity of children, by protecting them from the evils of life. His little sister, Phoebe, asks him what he would like to be and he answers: " I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of

Analyse de “Frost at Midnight”

Elements of introduction The poem under study is â€Å"Frost at Midnight†, composed by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet who was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England. It is part of the conversation poems, a series of 8 poems composed by Coleridge between 1795 and 1807 ; each details a particular life experience which leads to the poet's examination of nature and the role of poetry.Written in 1798, â€Å"Frost at midnight† discusses Coleridge's childhood experience in a quite negative manner and emphasizers the need to be brought up in the countryside. In this poem, the narrator comes to an understanding of nature while isolated with his thoughts. Nature becomes a comfort, however, the poet remembers the loneliness of childhood when he felt isolated from nature and other people, as if living in a world of strangers. His hope is that his own child, David Hartley, will experience an easier and more harmonious life.In this conversation poem, the speaker is gene rally held to be Coleridge himself ; the poem is quiet, very personal restatement of the abiding themes of early English Romanticism : the effect of nature on imagination, the relationship between children and natural world, contrast between this liberating country setting and the city, relationship btw adulthood and childhood as they are linked in adult memory. Like many Romantic verse monologues of this kind such as â€Å"Tintern Abbey† as a notable example, this poem is written in blank verse, a term used to describe unrhymed lines metered in iambic pentameter. nd the silent listener is his infant son, Hartley. The setting of the poem is late at night, when Coleridge is the only one awake in the household. He sits next to his son's cradle and reflects on the frost falling outside the home. He takes this instant of solitude to allow his reflections to expand to his love of nature. I – A typical conversation poem Coleridge begins by creating a tone of solemn gentlenes s in the first line, s the frost is described as performing a â€Å"secret ministry† : the frost ministers without the help of the wind (l2), thus takes the bite out of the chilly night air and maintains a silence throughout the landscape. The only sound he can hear is the owl (l2-3), but its sudden interruption of the quiet is counterpoised with the sleepers in the cottage, whose rest remains undisturbed. The speaker enjoys this midnight solitude, although he notes that he is not truly alone : his â€Å"cradled infant slumbers peacefully† beside him (l7).The baby's presence only serves to accentuate the speaker's solitude since this child, too, sleeps while the speaker alone is awake at this late hour. At first, he finds the absolute stillness disturbing ; he takes comfort in the seeming sympathy of the only stirring object in the house or beyond – a film across the grate (grille de foyer) – the â€Å"sole unquiet thing† (l16). The speaker sees a similarity between himself and the â€Å"puny flaps and freaks† of the grate (l20). The insensible film interprets the moving of air without a guiding reason, so too does the speaker â€Å"makes a toy of thought† (l23).Transition : by shifting the scene of the second stanza to his boyhood and summertime, Coleridge manages to create a sense of the inner discomfort that the speaker feels in his midnight vigil (une veille) in the cottage. A poem which conveys many beliefs of the romantic movement Themes of ‘power of sleep', dreams and imagination The image that connects these themes is the â€Å"thin blue flame† in the fireplace. Christopher R. Miller in â€Å"Coleridge and the Scene of Lyric Description† : he identifies the â€Å"flickering of the ember† as a â€Å"counterpoint to Coleridge's own insomniac musings†.Peter Barry in â€Å"Coleridge the Revisionnary : Surrogacy and Structure in the Conversation Poems† : He asserts tha t the dying flame is representative of Coleridge's reproof of the â€Å"directionlessness in his Spirit† : â€Å"like the flame, his own intellectual spirit is puny, unable to achieve lift-off, purposeless, narcissistic, and prone to interpret everything as a reflection of itself, so that thought becomes an idle plaything rather than a purposeful instrument†. â€Å"Power of sleep† : In the first stanza of the poem, Coleridge laments that his insomnia stifles his imagination.Perhaps this is why Coleridge takes pleasure in watching his son sleep, for the poet understands that dreams allow for the flourishing of creativity. Then, he sees a â€Å"stranger† (l26;41) which he sees â€Å"fluttering† out the window ; perhaps a butterfly or bird which comes to his memory as he sits – as an adult – within his winter cottage listening to the rustling (bruissement) flap on the grate. He finds this stranger desirable, â€Å"more beloved† b y townsman, aunt, or sister to his eyes (l42).This spirit of nature is in fact his â€Å"play-mate† when they are â€Å"clothed alike†, both outside enjoying the pervasive presence of nature. II – – > In his poem, Coleridge explores the relationship between environment and happiness and also reflects on the idyllic innocence of childhood Description of his own love of nature Coleridge describes to his son how his love of nature dates back to his boyhood. During school, Coleridge would gaze out the schoolhouse windows, discontent with where he sits (inside a schoolroom, attempting to study) ; He admires the frost falling outside , longing for the wild familiarity of nature.Although he attempts a â€Å"mock study† of his â€Å"swimming book† (l38) when the stern preceptor draws near, nonetheless he finds his thought already out the half-open door he spies out of the corner of his eye. > His thoughts return to the present, specifically to his s leeping baby. The sounds he can hear now is his breathing, which fills the moments between his sombre thoughts. He wonders at the baby's beauty and turns his mind to the â€Å"far other lore (tradition) / and in far other scenes† which the child will learn one day.In the second verse paragraph, when he reflects on his schooldays, he engages in a memory with a memory ; he tells us that he used to daydream about his home village (Ottery St Mary in Devon), where the sound of the church bells filled him with excited anticipation. The cause of his disturbance now, his sense of separation from the village and from nature, may have something to do with the separation in childhood from his home village in this exile to school and to the city. Lamentations on his physical and emotional confinement in urban England during the latter part of his childhoodThe speaker clearly did not enjoy his life in London, where he felt trapped ; He notes his own limited upbringing (education), kept as he was in â€Å"the great city, pent mid cloisters dim† (l52) where the only natural beauty he could ever see was the sky and stars > the contrast between this liberating country setting and city as we know that one of the fundamentals of Romanticism is the belief in the natural goodness of man, the idea that in a state of nature people would behave well but are hindered by civilisation, embodied by the city of London where Coleridge grew up in his later days.He was not a child with nature ; these thoughts eventually lulled him to sleep, and his day dreams then turned into dreams. His lack of concentration in class caused him problems when he went back to school the â€Å"following morn†, but he still kept thinking about the film, anticipated the coming of an absent friend and thought about his birth place. But, if the classroom door opened the slightest, the boy would immediately look up, so as to look for escaping, hoping it was a â€Å"townsman, aunt or sister mor e beloved† which the fluttering stranger had predicted would come to visit.The speaker declares that an education gained in the realms of nature will make all seasons â€Å"sweet to thee†, giving the baby a perspective on life that the speaker cannot fully hold because of his own limited exposure to nature in its various forms. While the father has difficulty settling in to the silent solitude of a frosty midnight, and similarly could not focus on his studies indoors while summer spent itself without, the son will have no difficulty embracing nature in her various dresses, because he will be more connected to the natural order than his father ever could be.His memory of feeling trapped in the schoolhouse naturally brings him back into his immediate surroundings with a sudden rush of feeling for his son. His final meditation on his son's future becomes mingled with his Romantic interpretation of nature and its role in the child's creativity. > The consideration of his ow n unhappy childhood leads Coleridge to reflect on the baby sleeping next to him ; at least he can ensure that Hartley will not experience the same exile from nature. The poem, after a brief pause in the present, launches on a vision of the future, where it continues develop until the end.That is why he daydreams about leaving the city and returning to his rural birthplace to raise his kid. His desire to bring up his child in a more pastoral life, surrounded with nature On the other hand, his baby will wander the mountains and fiels, gaining an education only Nature in all its glory can bestow. The child will learn â€Å"that eternal language, which thy God/Utters† (l60) ; in other words, he will learn the spirit of Nature and see in it the wonder, majesty, and beauty of its Creator. He tells his son that he's delighted that his son will have more opportunities to observe the beauty of nature and will not be reared/ in the great city, pent ‘mid cloisters dim'† as C oleridge himself was. He then wishes that â€Å"all seasons shall be sweet† to his son and that his son will learn to appreciate all aspects of nature. Coleridge projects on his son his own longing for childhood innocence and his belief that closeness to nature brings happiness. Coleridge declares that Hartley will be brought up in a more pastoral life and will be closer to nature than his father was. Thus, Coleridge projects on his son own longing for childhood innocence and his belief that closeness to nature brings happiness.To illustrate Coleridge's theory we can draw a parallel talking about Wordsworth. Coleridge, as we know, was raised in London, â€Å"pent ‘mid cloisters dim† whereas Wordsworth was brought up in the rustic countryside. He thus saw his own childhood as a time when his connection with the natural world was at its greatest. He revisited his memories his memories of childhood in order to soothe his feelings and provoke his imagination ; wherea s Coleridge questions Wordsworth's easy identification of childhood with a kind of automatic, original happiness.Instead, in his poem, he says that, as a child, he â€Å"saw naught lovely but the stars ans sky† and seems to feel the lingering effects of that alienation. In this poem, we can see how the pain of this alienation has strengthened Coleridge's wish that his child enjoy an idyllic Wordsworthian upbringing â€Å"by lakes and sandy shores, beneath the crags / of ancient mountain, and beneath the clouds†. Rather than seeing the link between childhood and nature as an inevitable, Coleridge seems to perceive it as a fragile, precious, and extraordinary connection, one of which he himself was deprived.

Jahind Davis 7-4 Essays - Boxing, Sports, Free Essays, Term Papers

Jahind Davis 7-4 Essays - Boxing, Sports, Free Essays, Term Papers Jahind Davis 7-4 March 6th.2017 Muhammad Ali (1942-2016) [pic] Born to Cassius Clay Sr. and Odessa Grady Clay on January 17th , 1942, Louisville Kentucky Muhammad Ali became one of the most influential black sports figure in history. During his early childhood he endured one specific event in which, in 1953 the red & white Schwinn was stolen. He quoted that ,"I'm gonna whup whoever stole my bike. So naturally he went and reported it to fellow police officer,Joe martin. Luckily enough on it's own it had sparked an idea for Joe Martin to undergo teaching him how to box for a total of 6 years.After graduating Louisville Central High school in 1958, 376 out of 391 his compassion of boxing became even more noticeable. After that the sessions went on, and Joe had noticed his admiration for it so it had pulled more of his work ethic and determination along with his Amateur tittles. So he fought all the way to the 1960 Olympics. Where from there had shot him to the greatest match yet. His first professional match, so in October 29th,1960 he played his first match against Tunney Hunsaker So Ali's reaching of 178 cm a rather fierce intimidating figure had became a deterrent. After a egregious bloodied 6 round match Ali won in an unanimous decision. Outside the ring he was vocal about some of his views and opinions on some of the current problems facing the majority of blacks or African Americans at the time being. Albeit he didn't experience the same problems to a draconian degree that most Blacks suffered, but he found a way to do so through using his popularity. He stated that "I know i got it made while other black folks are out there catching hell, but as long as they ain't free, i ain't free." Also to embellish on this statement in 1964 he changed his name from Cassius Clay to Muhammad Ali, Muhammad meaning "The one worthy of praise." He further stated that he changed it because it was a slave name. Which of course at the time influence blacks to do things to lessen the oppression by whites at the time. Along with this he joined The NOI or Nation Of Islam, a religious following that fuses Black Nationalism and Sunni part of Islam. So on May 25,1965 Ali had won a bout to the beforehand unbeatable at the time to Sonny Liston(1930-1972), so during that match Ali had won dominantly towards the 6th round carrying on to the 7th round. So after that he had won the title of World Heavyweight Champion. Outside the ring he done something that had put everything including his career on the line. But before here is a time line of the military and him. In 1964 Ali had failed the USAF qualifying test because he wasn't versatile with reading and writing. So with the rising of the infamous Vietnam War(1959-1975),the government needed more soldiers to use for battle so test standards were lowered so more people who weren't educated which was 2.4 percent based on the NAAL (National Association of Adult Literacy) allowed for Ali to be qualified again. So in 1965 that caused for Ali to be reclassified as an 1-A in February of 1966. This casted a new status, eligiable to be drafted and an inducted into the United States Armed Forces. Of course his teachings at the NOI meetings had really taught him a lot about the world around him.. So when he was alerted by this he stood his ground and declared he wasn't going to serve in the army. He stated that he was taught by the honorable Elijah Muhammad(October 7th,1987-February 25th,1875) that,"War is against the teachings of the holy Qu'ran.I'm not trying to dodge the draft.We are not supposed to take part in no war execpt for when Allah or The messenger. We dont take part in Christian wars or any unbelievers." Also he stated in an interview that,"My concious wont let me go shoot my brother or some darker people or some poor hungry people who live in the mud for big powerful America and for what?!, They never called me a nigger or

The UK copyright act of 1988 Essays

The UK copyright act of 1988 Essays The UK copyright act of 1988 Essay The UK copyright act of 1988 Essay Essay Topic: Law It is difficult for intellectual property laws to keep pace with technology. When technological advances cause ambiguity in the law, courts rely on the laws purposes to resolve that ambiguity. However, when technology gets too far ahead of the law, and it becomes difficult and awkward to apply the old principles, it is time for re-evaluation and change. (Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights (Information Infrastructure Task Force), Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure (Preliminary Draft, July 1, 1994)) The copyright, Designs and Patent Act (CDPA) of 1988 was introduced to give legal protection to the creators of these works in order to prevent exploitation and to ensure their moral rights. The purpose of the CDPA was to protect the following types of work: * Literary Works * Dramatic Works * Artistic Works * Musical Works * Films * Broadcasts * Published Edition * Performers Rights Whilst the CDPA theoretically protects certain technological plagiarism through Section 107 of the Act which states that where an individual sells, hires, exhibits, or distributes an infringing copy of a copyright work in the course of a business, or distributes otherwise than in the course of a business to such an extent as to affect prejudicially the owner of the copyright an offence will be committed. Nevertheless the extent of this protection has been greatly eroded due to fast moving changes in technology. One of the most significant legal questions surrounding the emerging Internet technologies is, admittedly, how copyright (and intellectual property in general) applies when unimaginably vast amounts of information can be digitally stored, copied and transmitted, cheaply and speedily. For many, we have entered a new era where copyright protection is still necessary, but its enforcement is no longer effective, or, even, possible. Perhaps even more importantly, whereas most technologies (e.g. camcorders, video recorders, etc.) would simply make copyright protection more difficult, digital computers managed to alter the fundamental concepts behind copyright (1). Especially when combined with telecommunications networks; with Richard J. Soloman stating in his book Computers and the Concept of Intellectual Property that they pose `issues completely at odds with copyright traditions based on the printing press of 400 years ago. Why is the Copyright Act of 1988 no longer adequate? * Users Attitudes towards materials found on the internet Originally the internet was associated with free information access and sharing that was limited to a relative small number of people, many of whom originated from the academic community. However the growth of the internet and its users has meant an increased use of the internet for information retrieval and distribution, communication, and interaction by a global audience. This set of new users do not feel bound by academic standards, or the set of rules known as `Netiquette that previously governed users conduct in cyberspace and thus they feel that anything found on the internet is public material and thus any copyright notice attached with it is considered of little or no consequence. The problem of improper use of copyright protected materials is further amplified by the incredible ease with which the WWW can be created, and which allows virtually anyone to become a web publisher. * Underlying Characteristics of the Internet Caching The Internet, operates on a ubiquitous `copying and transmitting fashion, i.e. information is accessed by duplicating data stored in binary files before sending it across the globe a process known as Caching. Although `cached copies are purely transitory and will be discarded as soon as the computer used is shut down, it has not been so far clarified decisively. In the context of U.K. copyright law, temporary storage of a copyrighted work in a computers RAM memory is at first sight an infringing reproduction, therefore browsing could also be, despite the fact that without a transient copy there is no access to on-line information. Inlining Inlining is a technique, which enables creators of web pages to embed content (e.g. text, or images) by including a reference to the URL location of the material. No cache copy of the inlined material is made on the host server, since it is retrieved every time from the original source, yet many information providers feel threatened by this practice, because the inlined content appears as integral part of the page, to which it is inlined. So far, there has been only one dispute arising from inlining. It involved the comic strip `Dilbert and has settled out of court with removal of the materials involved (2). Framing Introduced in 1996 by Netscape Communications Corporation as a feature of their web browser, the FRAME tag allows the viewer screen to split into multiple scrollable sections (`frames) that operate as independent windows containing text, graphics, multimedia, or other frames. It is therefore argued that end users may be easily misled to believe that all material on screen originates from the same server. Only site owners themselves can ensure that there is no confusion as to the ownership of the materials presented within the frame. Furthermore, it is arguable whether framing can be covered by the scope of the implied licence for linking, since it does not take the end user to the web site, but rather brings the site to the user through another (framing) site, thereby altering his or her perception of the material. The controversial nature and threat to copyright of this feature was seen in the Washington Post Co. v. Total News case. * Ease of Plagiarism and illegal copying Although the UK Copyright Act of 1988 protects Musical/Artistical works and the rights of performers, technology has once again outdated this feature of the act as well. The introduction of uploading software, CD copiers and file formats such as MP3 and AIV have meant that these works are no longer protected. This point was perhaps best highlighted in the recent court case between Napster.com and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) which branded Napster a copyright infringement machine (3). However whilst Napster has now been shutdown, nevertheless it acted as a catalyst to many other sharing communities like itself such as aimster.com, imesh.com and mp3.com. Similarly this approach to illegal copying is not merely limited to music files and is extended to movies and software. This is as a result costing the entertainment industry and software companies amongst other, billions of dollars out of pocket. * Jurisdiction Issues Perhaps the greatest shortcoming of the UK copyright Act of 1988 is that it only implies to the United Kingdom and thus what maybe considered against the law and breaking copyright agreements in the UK may be perfectly legal in the United States. Similarly this problem has been further exasperated as cyberspace has no geographical boundaries. Information and data are transmitted across state borders at incredible speeds. Bonds to geographical jurisdiction are fragmented, if non-existent, and questions as to where copyright infringements occur arise. The Internet and copyright: An alternative viewpoint One alternative yet radical viewpoint is that by placing their materials on the Internet, copyright owners are granting `implied licences to the rest of the users to link to this information. The rationale for that is based on the nature of the Internet itself as a meta-network, i.e. the network of networks, which requires guidance by pointers for users to locate the vast amounts of information stored on it. Linking is custom and practice, and the reason for the WWWs success. So, there is, more or less, an implied licence for linking, unless the site owner has expressly stated an objection. However I believe that this theory should be linked with Netiquette with an e-mail request sent to the owner of the site for permission to link. Proposed Solutions When determining possible solutions to the current inadequacies of the UK copyright Act of 1988 it is vital to comprehend that the current laws were designed mainly for the protection of published material. Digital works are an entirely different category, both conceptually and technically and thus it may be said that they require a whole separate set of laws. Whether we approach this matter from a progressive or conservative point of view, the fact remains that there is an urgent need for copyright law to be able to deal with the new challenges posed by Internet technology. * Encryption Encryption is one possible solution that has been presented by which a purely technological solution would allow the protection of digital data. Such a method has already been used for email with the invention of Phil Zimmermans Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) (7). However such a system would put the publisher in a very strong position compared to the other party, and would be open to abuse. Similarly the system would again raise grey areas of what data should be encrypted and what should be available to the general public. * Electronic Copyright Management Systems (ECMS) One proposed method is employing electronic copyright management system (4). Such a system is seen as being more preferable to encryption and allows viewing and reading for free, but a fee for permanent storage and downloading. However such a system may have legal implication and large grey areas in terms of what information should be charged for and what should be public knowledge. * Transcopyright Xanadu Project A notion developed by Ted Nelson in conjunction with his project Xanadu(5).Xanadu publishing is a long-standing proposal for a new literary medium (very much like the WWW) that would preserve integrity, copyright and royalty for digital works, and yet allow everyone to reuse already existing materials. * Cyberlaw The disjunction between the territoriality of legal disputes and the ubiquity of cyberspace has led to several proposals concerning the creation of a separate jurisdiction for cyberspace. Jurisdictional problems can be tackled on an international level by either creating a special international court for on-line disputes arising from intellectual property infringements, or by introducing an international advisory and arbitration organisation that will assist national courts in dealing with them. A potential model upon which this international court or organisation can be mapped is the Virtual Magistrate Pilot Project (6) of the Cyberspace Law Institute (CLI), a new on-line tribunal not bound by territorial borders. The project is carried out by eight magistrates (usually with an in-depth knowledge of technical as well as legal matters) who conduct arbitration via e-mail and publish their decisions on the institutes web site. The decisions cannot award damages, only injunction type r emedies; nevertheless, they are issued much faster than any decision of a national court. So far, the magistrates have only dealt with e-mail disputes, but it may not be too long before they will have to arbitrate intellectual property cases. In contrast such a dual method will mean every country will have two sovereigns governing different areas of law. This would create vast grey areas between them that could render the proposal ineffective. Conclusion To conclude, the UK Copyright Act of 1988 was adequate at the time of design. However in the thirteen years since its design, Technology has come forward leaps and bounds. As a result this act that was initially designed mainly for the purpose of non electronic sources has now become out of date or is being largely ignored due to the growth of technology. However when incorporating any solutions to the current inadequacies, it is vital to realise that whilst the rights of copyright owners are an important component of the copyright equation, so are the rights of public for information dissemination, freedom of expression and informational privacy. As a result looking into the future, the government needs to re-evaluate the interests of all those involved and legislate towards a new more flexible copyright framework, suitable for the digital age. Similarly, due to the global nature of digital technology with no geographical boundaries, perhaps a more suitable solution would be to inco rporate such a framework into a cyberlaw.

Classroom Attendance and Learning Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classroom Attendance and Learning Process - Essay Example A nonexperimental cause-to-effect study can be performed. Firstly, students are divided into two groups, the control group, and the experimental group. The control group consists of students who are not absent from the first-day class begins until the day before the first examination starts. Students who have not been absent are alphabetically listed and then selected by choosing every second name on the list. Ten students are selected for the control group. If students come late into class, which means before eight o’clock in the morning, it would not count as absent. The ten students’ first examination results are collected. Students who are not absent from the day after the first examination to the day before the second examination are selected, then listed by alphabetical order and every second name from the last name on the list is chosen. The second examination results are collected for these students. The third and the fourth examination results are gathered in t he same way by using the first and second methods. There are 40 students in the control group, and the average percentage of the test results is then calculated. The experimental group consists of students who are absent at least twice from the first day that class begins the day before the first examination starts. Students who give the professor notice to be absent more than once in advance will count as absent. Also, students who come after eight o’clock in the morning will count as absent as well, because the professor’s lecture starts at the beginning of the class and ends around eight a.m., this is the most important time for students to obtain a lot of information from the Professor. If it is missed, then students would be considered as not attending a class. Students who have been absent are alphabetically listed and then selected by choosing every second name on the list. Ten students are selected for the experimental group.

America's Great Indian Nations - Full Documentary Essay

America's Great Indian Nations - Full Documentary - Essay Example of the colonial powers and downward spiral of the confederacy that comprised of several Indian tribes continued without intermission, fierce resistance was offered by the Indian tribes through three major wars but they were finally subdued by the colonial powers. Their deep desire to dominate the land, what is now America, fructified. The documentary elucidates the story of six major Native American Tribes with the support of maps, artwork, scenic beauty of the land, different features related to lifestyle and culture of the Iroquois. The content of the movie is an eye-opener for the viewers in general and the students of the American history in particular. The atrocities committed by the colonial powers on the native Indians, are too horrible for the printed pages to capture. The movie is eminently suited to enrich one’s knowledge about the tribal life and their fierce loyalties. The elements that I want to apply in my life: Notwithstanding the sufferings of the Native Indians, it is no use carrying on with the process of vengeance and it is for the good of all races, whites and the African Americas and the Native Indians to live together with peaceful co-existence honoring the true spirit of the American Constitution. Moreover, every effort should be made to preserve the cultural heritage of the Native